The flight path initiated from the Istanbul airport to the west and went over the Izmit and Derince areas, Adapazari, Sapanca Lake, Golcuk, Karamursel, Yalova, and the Iznik lake.

Overview of the TUPRAS refinery along the Izmit Bay after the fire that started right after the earthquake on August 17, 1999 (N40^o45.938’, E29^o33.684’, 8/24/99, 15:23:17).

View of the TUPRAS refinery along the Izmit Bay after the fire that started right after the earthquake on August 17, 1999 (N40^o45.938’, E29^o33.684’, 8/24/99, 15:23:17).

View of the TUPRAS refinery along the Izmit Bay after the fire that started right after the earthquake on August 17, 1999 (N40^o43.07’, E29^o42.118’, 8/24/99, 16:49:11).

Collapse of a reinforced concrete apartment in the Izmit area. This type of failure was commonly observed after the earthquake, and caused many casualties (N40^o45.759’, E29^o51.987’, 8/24/99, 15:27:36).

The roof of this warehouse in the Izmit area caved in due to the earthquake shaking. The Izmit bay area is the heart of Turkey’s industry (N40^o45.406’, E29^o58.063’, 8/24/99, 15:31:05).

Damage to the middle tank of this chemical plant in the Kosekoy area. The short-column support of the middle tank collapsed and the tank leaned slightly and leaked (N40^o45.549’, E30^o02.344’, 8/24/99, 15:33:25).

Collapse of the roof of a small factory to the west of the Sapanca Lake close to Arifye (N40^o44.223’, E30^o23.811’, 8/24/99, 15:45:35).

One of these apartment buildings collapsed laterally while the others withstood the earthquake forces (Arifye area, N40^o46.329’, E30^o24.328’, 8/24/99, 15:47:42).

The collapse of buildings was widespread, but not uniform in Adapazari, possibly due to different soil conditions and inconsistent enforcement of building codes (N40^o46.329’, E30^o24.328’, 8/24/99, 15:47:42).

Tent camps were erected to accommodate the survivors of the earthquake. Most inhabitants were forced to sleep outside their damaged houses (Adapazari, N40^o46.329’, E30^o24.328’, 8/24/99, 15:47:42).

Lateral collapse of an apartment building in Adapazari. The rescue efforts were impeded by the collapsed concrete slabs that trapped many occupants (N40^o46.329’, E30^o24.328’, 8/24/99, 15:47:42).

Many apartment buildings underwent failure of the lower floors (Adapazari, N40^o46.329’, E30^o24.328’, 8/24/99, 15:47:42).

Lateral collapse of an apartment building next to an intact building in Adapazari (N40^o47.811’, E30^o22.625’, 8/24/99, 15:54:29).

An apartment building leaned sideways against another building in Adapazari (N40^o47.811’, E30^o22.625’, 8/24/99, 15:54:29).

No visible signs of damage could be detected from the reconnaissance aircraft on the upstream face of this reservoir located to the north of Sapanca Lake between Izmit and Adapazari (N40^o47.583’, E30^o15.295’, 8/24/99, 16:17:56).

There were no signs of damage visible from the reconnaissance aircraft on the downstream face of this reservoir located between to the north of Sapanca Lake Izmit and Adapazari (N40^o47.583’, E30^o15.295’, 8/24/99, 16:17:56).

The minaret of the mosque tipped over and broke in the Arifye area (N40^o42.41’, E30^o22.808’, 8/24/99, 16:26:18).

The fault surface rupture created an offset in the road and cut sharply through the center line of an elongated structure in the area of Arifiye (N40^o42.41’, E30^o22.808’, 8/24/99, 16:26:18).

Lateral spread of the bank of the Sakarya river in the Arifiye area (N40^o42.41’, E30^o22.808’, 8/24/99, 16:26:18).

Collapse of the bridge on the Sakarya river in the Arifiye area (N40^o42.41’, E30^o22.808’, 8/24/99, 16:26:18).

Subsidence of hotel Sapanca on the shore of the Sapanca lake (N40^o41.448’, E30^o16.733’, 8/24/99, 16:31:54).

Lateral spread on the southern shore of Lake Sapanca (N40^o41.448’, E30^o16.733’, 8/24/99, 16:31:54).

Tent cities have been erected for the residents that have homes with heavy damage along Lake Sapanca (N40^o42.829’, E29^o23.768’, 8/24/99, 16:59:06).

Three apartment buildings collapsed in the Arifye area (N40^o42.829’, E29^o23.768’, 8/24/99, 16:59:06).

An apartment complex suffered heavy damage in Yalova (N40^o47.357’, E29^o15.302’, 8/24/99, 17:56:42).

The reconnaissance team that flew over damaged areas in a small fixed wing aircraft on August 24, 1999. From left to right, Derin Ural, Jonathan Bray, the pilot, and J.P. Bardet (N40^o57.922’, E28^o51.223’, 8/24/99, 18:15:53).